Computer Graphics Concepts





“The picture worth’s, thousand words” is very famous Chinese saying. Really, literate can read few sequences of characters but all can read the picture. It is out of bondage of literacy. Almost of high level language supports graphics and this facility of language is exploited in building of GUI (Graphical User Interface).

The computer graphics is concern with generation, representation, manipulation and display of pictures with the aid of computer. It may be divided into three broad area (a) generative graphics, (b) cognitive graphics, and (c) Image processing. Any graphics package has to furnish above tasks.

C / C++ support graphics, sounds and all the features of high level languages. It works in two modes: Text mode and Graphics mode. The text mode supports only text and color, but not sophisticated graphics. In text mode, graphics are presented by ASCII characters and some special characters. The Graphics mode supports colors and special statements for sophisticated graphics and animation. The graphics are array of pixels or patterns of pixels.

Pixel

 

The picture element is called pixels. It is a unit of presentation. Each pixel occupies some bits in memory. We have listened the term raster or bitmap image. These images are composed by two- dimensional array of pixels. Each pixel has horizontal and vertical location in image.

Pixel

Pixel


The horizontal scan lines are formed on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) when the drawing cuts the horizontal scan lines, cutting point is termed as pixels.

 

COLOR

 

The concept of background and foreground color is necessary for presentation of graphics. The success of graphics designer depends on suitable combination of background and foreground colors. The color of canvas is called background and color of text and graphics is called foreground color. For example, the color of blackboard is a background and the color of written text or drawing is a foreground color. The color is supported by both the modes.

Color

Code

Comments

BLACK

0

Background/ Background

BLUE

1

Background/ Background

GREEN

2

Background/ Background

CYAN

3

Background/ Background

RED

4

Background/ Background

MAGENTA

5

Background/ Background

BROWN

6

Background/ Background

LIGHTGRAY

7

Background/ Background

DRARKGRAY

8

Foreground

LIGHTBLUE

9

Foreground

LIGHTGREEN

10

Foreground

LIGHTCYAN

11

Foreground

LIGHTRED

12

Foreground

LIGHTMAGENTA

13

Foreground

YELLOW

14

Foreground

WHITE

15

Foreground

 

(a) void textcolor(int color);

From 0 to 15 colors, numbers or constants are used to set text colors.

Example:

textcolor (RED);

textcolor(4);

The blinking effect is added by adding 128 in color code or adding BLINK with color constant.

Example:

textcolor(RED+BLINK);

textcolor(132);

The code 4 is for RED color and 128 for BLINK.

 

(b) void textbackground(int color);

From 0 to 7, numbers or constants are used for colors. It is used to set background color of text.

Example:

textbackground(BLUE);

textbackground(1);

 

(c) gotoxy(col, row): It is used to place cursor at specified column and row. It contains integer as column and row data type. In graphics, y-axis goes from top to bottom, not from left to right like as mathematics.

Example:

int col=50;

int row=45;

gotoxy(col, row); // it places cursor at column number 50 of rows 45.

Cputs(“BUDDHA”);

gotoxy(col, row);

gotoxy(col, row);


 

(d) delay(int time): The function is supported by header file dos.h. it is used to delay next display.

Example:

Gotoxy(29, 10);

Cputs(“Department of computer”);

Delay(1000);

Gotoxy(29, 11);

Cputs(“Guru Jambheshwar University”);

 

Program:

 

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

crscr();

textcolor(RED);

gotoxy(27, 10);

cputs(“Subash Ghimire”);

gotoxy(25, 11);

cputs(“ Mount Mechi Secondary school”);

gotoxy(25, 12);

getch();

}

 

Text in Graphics Mode

(a) Specify Text Font, Orientation and size:

Settextstyle(int font, int direction, int size)

Font   //name of font

Direction   //Horizontal or Vertical

Size   // Size of Character

 

Font in standard library:

Value Constants

File

 Comment
0 DEFAULT_FONT Compiler automatic Bit-mapped, 8×8
1 TRIPLEX_FONT Trip.chr Times-roman styles
2 SMALL_FONT Litt.chr For small letters
3 SANS_SERIF_FONT Sans.chr Heavy sans-serif
4 GOTHIC_FONT Gothic.chr Gothic
5 SCRIPT_FONT Scri.chr Script
6 SIMPLEX_FONT Simp.chr Light sans-serif
7 TRIPLEX_SRC_FONT Tscp.chr Italic
8 COMPLEX_FONT Lcom.chr Heavy times Roman
9 EUROPEAN_FONT Euro.chr Square letter
10 BOLD_FONT Bold.chr Thick letters

 

Example:

Fontsize=6;

Settextstyle(GOTHIC_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, fontsize);

Outtext(“Computer Graphics”);

Settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, VERT_DIR, fontsize);

Outtext(“University”);

 

(b) Set Text Justification (Position Relative to Cursor Pointer, CP)

Settextjustify(int horizontal, int vertical)

Horizontal //horizontal justification constants

Vertical //vertical justification constants

Example:

Settextjustify(RIGHT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT);

Outtext(“Aishwarya Vidya Niketan”);

 

Horizontal Justification:

Value

Constants

Comment

0

LEFT_TEXT

CP at left of text (default justification)

1

CENTER_TEXT

CP in horizontal center of text

2

RIGHT_TEXT

CP at right of text

 

Vertical Justification:

Value

Constants

Comment

0

BOTTOM_TEXT

CP at bottom of text

1

CENTER_TEXT

CP in vertical center of text

 

(c) Change Character Size and Properties:

Setusercharsize(int multx, divx, multy, int divvy);

Multx  //multiples with character

Divx //divides with character

Multy //multiplies height of character

Divvy  //divides with character

 

Example:

Multx=1; divx=2;

Multy=1; divvy=2;

Setusercharsize(int multx, divx, multy, int divvy);

Outtext(“Happy New Year”);

 

(d) moveto(): The library function moveto() sets the location of CP, using two int arguments to indicate the X and Y co-ordinates.

Syntax:

moveto(int column, int row);

 

(e) outtext(): Graphics text is displayed with the outtext() library.

Example:

Outtext(“University express”);

 

(f) Specifies Color:

Syntax:

setcolor(int color);

 

Shape

 

The concept of geometric shapes are described below. The library function line(0, rectangle(), circle() etc are equipped with compiler for drawing purpose.

(a) Concept of Geometrical Shape:

Sn.

Shape

Comments

1.

Line

Line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

The first two arguments to the function specify the X and Y co-ordinates of the line’s starting points and the last two arguments specify the end points.

Lineto(x, y);

This function draw a line from the CP to (xCo-ordinate, yCo-ordinate)

2.

Rectangle

Rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

3.

Bar3d

Bar3d(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int depth, int topflag);

4.

Circle

Circle(int x, int y, int radius);

5.

Eclipse

Eclipse(int x, int y, startA, endA, int xR1, inty R2);

6.

Pieslice

Pieslice(int x, int y, startA, endA, int Radius);

7.

Arc

Arc(int x, int y, startA, endA, int Radius);

8.

Polygon

Drawpoly(int side, int array);

 

(b) Specify Line Width and Style:

Setlinestyle9int style, unsigned pattern, int thickness);

Style //solid, dotted, dashed, etc

Pattern //user defined pattern when style is 4

Thickness //normal or thick

Style

Value

Comment

0

SOLID_LINE

1

DOTTED_LINE

2

CENTER_LINE

3

DASHED_LINE

4

USERBIT_LINE

 

Thickness

Value

Comment

0

NORM_WIDTH

1

THICK_WIDTH

 

(c) Specify Filling pattern and color:

Setfillstyle(int pattern, int color);

Pattern //pattern constants

Color //color constants

Fill patterns: Following fill patterns are available to fill in closed space. The concept of patterns is essential for graphics designers.

Pattern

Code

Result

EMPTY_FILL

0

Solid Background

SOLID_FILL

1

Solid Color

LINE_FILL

2

Horizontal lines

LTSLASH_FILL

3

//// thin lines

SLASH_FILL

4

////thick line

BKSLASH_FILL

5

\\\ thick lines

LTBSLASH_FILL

6

\\\\ thin lines

HATCH_FILL

7

Light hatch

XHATCH_FILL

8

Heavy cross-hatch

INTERLEAVE_FILL

9

Interleaved lines

WIDE_DOT_FILL

10

Wide-spaced dot

CLOSE_DOT_FILL

11

Closed-spaced dots

USER_FILL

12

User-defined patterns

 

(d) Fill any Boundary Area:

Floodfill(int x, int y, int border);

X   //x co-ordinate for fill start

Y  //y co-ordinate for fill start

Border  //color of border (fill stops here)

 

Example:

Flood(x, y, RED);

 

What is the seed point?

 

Seed point: A point for fill began is called seed point. The fill spreads outward from the seed point until it encounters a boundary that has the color specified in the border parameter.

 

Program:

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void main()

{

Int driver, mode;

driver=DETECT;

initgraph(&driver, &mode, \\tc\\bgi);

setcolor(GREEN);

rectangle(50, 10, 300, 200);

floodfill(250, 150, green);

getch();

closegraph();

}

 

Program:

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int driver, mode;

driver=DETECT;

initgraph(&driver, &mode, \\tc\\bgi);

setcolor(RED);

setfillstyle(1, RED);

bar3d(250, 10, 400, 50, 10, 1);

floodfill(255, 10, RED);

moveto(290, 24);

setcolor(BLUE);

outtext(“UNIVERSITY”);

getch();

closegraph();

}

 

Program:

/* Circle Programming */

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int driver, mode;

driver=DETECT;

initgraph(&driver, &mode, \\tc\bgi);

setcolor(RED);

setfillstyle(2, 4);

circle(250, 150, 100);

floodfill(250, 150, 4);

getch();

closegraph();

}

Program:

/ * Circle */

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

#define R 50

void main()

{

int x;

int driver, mode;

driver=DETECT;

initgraph(&driver, &mode, \\tc\\bgi);

setcolor(RED);

for(x=50; x<=20; x=x+30)

circle(x, x+10, R);

getch();

closegraph();

}

 

Program:

/* Pieslice Programming */

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int driver, mode;

driver=DETECT;

initgraph(&driver, &mode, \\tc\\bgi);

setcolor(RED);

setfillstyle(5, RED);

pieslice(250, 100, 0, 270, 100);

floodfill(255, 10, RED);

getch();

closegraph();

}

 

Program:

/ * The following program generates ellipse */

#include<graphics.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int driver, mode;

driver=DETECT;

initgraph(&driver, &mode, \\tc\\bgi);

setcolor(BLUE);

setfillstyle(7, BLUE);

ellipse(250, 100, 0, 360, 100, 50);

floodfill(250, 110, BLUE);

getch();

closegraph();

}



Related posts:

  1. Computer Graphics The art is the rhythm of life. If there is...
  2. Color Concepts Colors can help to make your web appealing. It expresses...
  3. supervisor and user mode of operating system supervisor and user mode: The process is executed in the...
  4. Programming Concepts Step of Programming   The programming is the coding instruction...
  5. Computer Hardware The touchable, electro-mechanical and replaceable part of computer is termed...